In 1993 Kuz’minov and Osiko identified which the ‘disturbance�?of stoichiometry in LN crystals is mainly because of the not enough oxygen in Nb2O5, used to be a raw materials Original soften (Czochralski approach) [186]. Appropriately, depending on its creation technology, niobium pentoxide can undertake an array of compositions Nb2O5−x. So, https://-lithiumniobatecrystal25689.blogs100.com/32921472/lithium-niobate-crystal-no-further-a-mystery